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A pc murah notebook computer or simply laptop (also notebook computer or notebook) is a small mobile personal computer, typically weighing from one to three kilograms, depending on size, materials and other factors.

While the terms "laptop" and "notebook" are typically used interchangeably, "laptop" is that the older term, introduced in 1983 with the Gavilan SC. "Notebook computer" may be a later coinage, which was used to differentiate smaller devices like those of the Compaq LTE series in 1989, which were, in contrast to previous laptops, the approximate size of an A4 paper sheet.[1] Either term is often used improperly: because of heat and different issues, many laptops are inappropriate for use on one's lap, and most are not the dimensions of an A4 sheet. Although, some older transportable computers, such as the Macintosh moveable and certain Zenith TurbosPort models, were sometimes described as "laptops", their size and weight were too nice for this class.

Laptops typically run on one battery or from an external AC/DC adapter which may charge the battery whereas additionally supplying power to the computer itself.

An Acer laptop with touchpadAs personal computers, laptops are capable of constant tasks as a desktop pc, though they're typically less powerful for constant worth. They contain elements that are like their desktop counterparts and perform an equivalent functions, but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption. Laptops typically have liquid crystal displays and most of them use different memory modules for their RAM (for instance, SO-DIMM in lieu of the larger DIMMs). in addition to a built-in keyboard, they may utilize a touchpad (also known as a trackpad) or a pointing stick for input, though an external keyboard or mouse will sometimes be connected.

Categories Terms typically used for subtypes of laptop computers include:

Ultraportables Laptops with screens usually but 12 inches diagonally and a weight of but 1.7kg. Their primary audience is typically business travellers, who want little, lightweight laptops. Ultraportables are typically terribly expensive and house power-saving CPUs and almost always have integrated graphics. Thin-and-lights Laptops usually weighing in between 1.8kg and 2.8kg with a screen size of between twelve and fourteen inches diagonally. Medium-sized laptops These usually have screens of 15 - fifteen.4 inches diagonally and a weight of around 3-3.5kg. they sometimes sacrifice a bit computing power for smaller dimensions and longer battery life, though the length and width are usually determined by the screen size. Desktop replacement computers Powerful laptops meant to be mainly employed in a set location and sometimes dispensed owing to their weight and size; the latter provides extra space for powerful elements and a giant screen, sometimes measuring 15 inches or additional. Desktop replacements tend to have limited battery life, rarely exceeding three hours, as a result of the hardware does not optimize power efficiency. History Before laptop/notebook computers were technically possible, similar ideas had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC in the early Seventies.

The komputer murah first commercially obtainable moveable computer was the Osborne 1 in 1981, that used the CP/M operating system. though it absolutely was giant and heavy compared to today's laptops, with a tiny CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were able to take their computer and knowledge with them for the first time. This and alternative "luggables" were galvanized by what was probably the first portable pc, the Xerox NoteTaker, once more developed at Xerox PARC, in 1976; but, solely 10 prototypes were engineered. The Osborne was concerning the size of a conveyable stitching machine, and importantly can be carried on a billboard aircraft. However, it had been unimaginable to run the Osborne on batteries; it had to be plugged in.

A more enduring success was the Compaq portable, the first product from Compaq, introduced in 1983, by which era the IBM notebook computer had become the quality platform. although scarcely additional moveable than the Osborne machines, and conjointly requiring AC power to run, it ran MS-DOS and was the first true IBM clone (IBM's own later portable laptop, that arrived in 1984, was notably less IBM PC-compatible than the Compaq[citation needed]).

Another important machine announced in 1981, although 1st sold widely in 1983, was the Epson HX-20. a straightforward handheld computer, it featured a full-transit 68-key keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, atiny low (120 x 32-pixel) dot-matrix LCD show with 4 lines of text, twenty characters per line text mode, a twenty four column dot matrix printer, a Microsoft BASIC interpreter, and 16 kB of RAM (expandable to 32 kB).

However, arguably the first true laptop was the GRiD Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979-1980, and released in 1982. Enclosed during a magnesium case, it introduced the now familiar clamshell style, within which the flat show folded shut against the keyboard. the pc might be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel plasma display and 384 kilobyte bubble memory. it absolutely was not IBM-compatible, and its high worth (US$ 10,000) limited it to specialised applications. However, it absolutely was used heavily by the U.S. military, and by NASA on the area Shuttle during the Nineteen Eighties. The GRiD's manufacturer subsequently earned vital returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by Tandy (RadioShack).

Two alternative noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 and also the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 but 1st sold in 1984. The Gavilan was notably the first pc to be marketed as a "laptop". it was additionally equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, installed on a panel on top of the keyboard. just like the GRiD Compass, the Gavilan and therefore the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, although primarily running their own system software. each had LCD displays, and will hook up with optional external printers.

The year 1983 conjointly saw the launch of what was probably the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85, which owed much to the design of the previous Epson HX-20. though it had been initially a slow seller in Japan, it absolutely was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, that saw its potential and marketed it respectively as TRS-80 Model a hundred line (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201.[2] The machines ran on customary AA batteries. The Tandy's built-in programs, together with a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were provided by Microsoft, and are thought to have been written partly by Bill Gates himself. the pc was not a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8×40-character LCD screen on top of a full-travel keyboard. With its internal modem, it absolutely was a highly portable communications terminal. thanks to its portability, good battery life (and simple replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low worth (as very little as US$ 300), the model was highly regarded, turning into a favourite among journalists. It weighed but a pair of kg with dimensions of 30 × 21.5 × 4.5 cm (12 × 8.5 × 1.75 inches). Initial specifications included 8 kilobyte of RAM (expandable to 24 kB) and a 3 MHz processor. The machine was indeed concerning the scale of a paper notebook, however the term had nevertheless to come back into use and it was typically described as a "portable" pc.

Among the first commercial IBM-compatible laptops were the IBM pc Convertible, introduced in 1986, and two Toshiba models, the T1000 and T1200, introduced in 1987. though limited floppy-based DOS machines, with the operating system stored in read-only memory, the Toshiba models were tiny and light-weight enough to be carried in a very backpack, and could be get away lead-acid batteries. These also introduced the now-standard "resume" feature to DOS-based machines: the pc may be paused between sessions, while not having to be restarted whenever.

The first laptops successful on a giant scale came in large part as a result of asking For Proposal (RFP) by the U.S. Air Force in 1987. This contract would eventually cause the purchase of over two hundred,000 laptops. Competition to provide this contract was fiercely contested and also the major computer companies of the time; IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith data Systems (ZDS), rushed to develop laptops in an effort to win this deal. ZDS, which had earlier won a landmark trot out the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its SupersPort series. The SupersPort series was originally launched with an Intel 8086 processor, twin floppy disk drives, a backlit, blue and white STN LCD screen, and a NiCD battery pack. Later models featured an Intel 80286 processor and a 20MB laborious disk drive. On the strength of this deal, ZDS became the world's largest laptop provider in 1987 and 1988.

ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo within the design and manufacturing of those laptops. This relationship is notable because it had been the primary deal between a serious whole and an Asian OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer). At the time, Compaq, IBM, Toshiba, NEC, etc. all designed and made their own machines. However, after the success of the ZDS offering different relationships, like Compaq and Citizen, soon followed. At now the quality of Japanese engineering and manufacturing in conjunction with the strength of the dollar relative to the yen (typically about 130 Yen = $1) drove most brands to suppliers in Japan. companies like Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio were all heavily concerned in this business as OEMs. However, by the mid-1990s a weakening dollar and the rising viability of Taiwanese OEMs like Acer, Quanta, Compal, Twinhead, and Chicony lead the availability base to rapidly shift from Japan to Taiwan. Additionally, brands that were additional nimble and relied less on internal engineering like Gateway, Dell and Micron began to rise quickly to leadership positions. combinations like Dell/Compal and Gateway/Quanta eventually became powerhouse partnerships and greatly contributed to the prominence of Taiwanese OEMs because the center of pc manufacturing from about 1995 onward.

Another notable computer was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. about the scale of an A4 sheet of paper yet, it ran on commonplace batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. It anticipated the long run miniaturization of the moveable computer; and, as a ROM-based machine with a small display, will -- like the TRS-80 Model 100 -- even be seen as a forerunner of the personal digital assistant.

By the top of the Nineteen Eighties, laptop computers were turning into widespread among business folks. The NEC Ultralite, released in mid-1989, was maybe the primary notebook computer, weighing simply over a pair of kg; in lieu of a floppy or exhausting drive, it contained a 2 megabyte RAM drive, however this reduced its utility additionally as its size. the primary notebook computers to incorporate hard drives were those of the Compaq LTE series, introduced toward the top of that year. actually the size of a notebook, they conjointly featured backlit displays with CGA resolutions (though not CGA colors).

The Macintosh moveable, Apple's first attempt at a battery-powered computerThe first Apple pc machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh moveable (although an LCD screen had been an option for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). truly a "luggable", the Mac moveable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life, but was a poor seller due to its bulk. within the absence of a true Apple laptop, many compatible machines such as the Outbound Laptop were out there for Mac users; however, for copyright reasons, the user had to provide a group of Mac ROMs, which typically meant having to buy a brand new or used Macintosh likewise.

The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in October 1991, pioneered changes that are now de facto standards on laptops, such as the position of the keyboard, space for palm rest, and therefore the inclusion of a built-in pointing device (a trackball). the subsequent year, IBM released its Thinkpad 700C, that includes an identical design (though with a distinctive red TrackPoint pointing device).

Later PowerBooks introduced the first 256-color displays (PowerBook 165c, 1993), and first true touchpad, 1st 16-bit sound recording, and 1st built-in Ethernet network adapter (PowerBook 500, 1994).

The summer of 1995 was a big turning purpose within the history of notebook computing. In August of that year Microsoft introduced Windows 95. it was the first time that Microsoft had placed much of the power management management in the operating system. before this point each whole used custom BIOS, drivers and in some cases, ASICs, to optimize the battery lifetime of its machines. This move by Microsoft was controversial within the eyes of notebook designers because it greatly reduced their ability to innovate; but, it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing sure aspects of notebook design. Windows 95 also ushered within the importance of the CD-ROM in mobile computing and initiated the shift to the Intel Pentium processor because the base platform for notebooks. The Gateway Solo was the first notebook introduced with a Pentium processor and a CD-ROM. By additionally that includes a removeable exhausting disk drive and floppy drive it was the primary three-spindle (optical, floppy, and hard disk drive) personal computer. The Gateway Solo was very successful within the patron segment of the market. In roughly identical time amount the Dell Latitude, Toshiba Satellite, and IBM Thinkpad were reaching nice success with Pentium-based two-spindle (hard disk and floppy disk drive) systems directed toward the company market.

An laptop murah previous (1997) Micron laptopAs technology improved during the Nineties, the usefulness and popularity of laptops increased. Correspondingly costs went down. many developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented, improving usability and performance. Among them were:

Improved battery technology. The significant lead-acid batteries were replaced with lighter and additional efficient technologies, first nickel cadmium or NiCD, then nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and then lithium ion battery and lithium polymer. Power-saving processors. while laptops in 1991 were restricted to the 80286 processor attributable to the energy demands of the a lot of powerful 80386, the introduction of the Intel 386SL processor, designed for the specific power needs of laptops, marked the point at that laptop needs were included in CPU style. The 386SL integrated a 386SX core with a memory controller and this was paired with an I/O chip to make the SL chipset. it absolutely was a lot of integrated than any previous solution although its cost was higher. it was heavily adopted by the major notebook brands of the time. Intel followed this with the 486SL chipset that used identical architecture. However, Intel had to abandon this design approach because it introduced its Pentium series. Early versions of the mobile Pentium required TAB mounting (also utilized in LCD manufacturing) and this initially limited the number of companies capable of supplying notebooks. However, Intel did eventually migrate to more normal chip packaging. One limitation of notebooks has invariably been the difficulty in upgrading the processor which is a common attribute of desktops. Intel did attempt to solve this drawback with the introduction of the MMC for mobile computing. The MMC was a customary module upon which the CPU and external cache memory could sit. It gave the notebook buyer the potential to upgrade his CPU at a later date, eased the producing process some, and was conjointly utilized in some cases to skirt U.S. import duties as the CPU could be added to the chassis once it arrived in the U.S. Intel stuck with MMC for some generations but ultimately could not maintain the suitable speed and data integrity to the memory subsystem through the MMC connector. Improved liquid crystal displays, above all active-matrix TFT (Thin-Flim Transitor) LCD technology. Early laptop screens were black and white, blue and white, or grayscale, STN (Super Twist Nematic) passive-matrix LCDs liable to serious shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some moveable pc screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays, however these drew too much current to be powered by batteries). Color STN screens were used for some time though their viewing quality was poor. By regarding 1991, 2 new color LCD techologies hit the mainstream market in an exceedingly massive way; dual STN and TFT. the twin STN screens solved several of the viewing issues of STN at a awfully reasonable price and the TFT screens offered excellent viewing quality although initially at a steep worth. DSTN continued to supply a major price advantage over TFT till the mid-90s before the price delta dropped to the purpose that DSTN was no longer employed in notebooks. enhancements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher native resolutions, faster response time and will display color with great accuracy, making them an appropriate substitute for a conventional CRT monitor. Improved hard disk technology. Early laptops and portables had solely floppy disk drives. As thin, high-capacity hard disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became obtainable, users might store their work on laptop computers and take it with them. The 3.5" HDD was created initially as a response to the needs of notebook designers that required smaller, lower power consumption product. As pressure to still shrink the notebook size even further, the 2.5" HDD was introduced. Improved connectivity. Internal modems and commonplace serial, parallel, and PS/2 ports on IBM PC-compatible laptops created it easier to work away from home; the addition of network adapters and, from 1997, USB, as well as, from 1999, Wi-Fi, created laptops as easy to use with peripherals as a desktop pc.

The $100 laptop

A first generation prototype of the $100 laptop In 2005, faculty members from the MIT Media Lab as well as Nicholas Negroponte introduced the $100 laptop and therefore the One Laptop Per kid project. The aim is to style, manufacture, and distribute laptops that are sufficiently cheap to provide every kid within the world access to knowledge and trendy varieties of education. The laptops are to be sold to governments and issued to youngsters by faculties. These equipments, of that many prototypes have already been presented, are going to be rugged, Linux-based, and thus energy efficient that a hand-cranking dynamo will alone offer sufficient power for operation (although this hand-crank has since been removed). Ad-hoc wireless mesh networking could also be used to allow many machines to share a single web connection.